System and method for reducing knock and preignition in an internal combustion engine

ABSTRACT

A system for an engine of a vehicle, comprising of a combustion chamber located in the engine; a delivery system configured to deliver a fuel and a fluid to at least the combustion chamber in varying ratios, wherein the fluid includes at least an alcohol; wherein the delivery system includes at least a direct injector configured to inject at least the fluid directly into the combustion chamber; and a control system configured to advance the timing of the fluid delivered to the combustion chamber by the direct injector to reduce the likelihood of knock; and retard the timing of the fluid delivered to the combustion chamber by the direct injector to reduce the likelihood of preignition.

Engines may use various forms of fuel delivery to provide a desiredamount of fuel for combustion in each cylinder. One type of fueldelivery uses a port injector for each cylinder to deliver fuel torespective cylinders. Another type of fuel delivery uses a directinjector for each cylinder.

Further, engines have been proposed using more than one type of fuelinjection. For example, the papers titled “Calculations of KnockSuppression in Highly Turbocharged Gasoline/Ethanol Engines Using DirectEthanol Injection” and “Direct Injection Ethanol Boosted Gasoline EngineBiofuel Leveraging for Cost Effective Reduction of Oil Dependence andCO2 Emissions” by Heywood et al. are one example. Specifically, theHeywood et al. papers describe directly injecting ethanol to improvecharge cooling effects, while relying on port injected gasoline forproviding the majority of combusted fuel over a drive cycle. The ethanolprovides increased octane and increased charge cooling due to its higherheat of vaporization compared with gasoline, thereby reducing knocklimits on boosting and/or compression ratio. Further, water may be mixedwith ethanol and/or used as an alternative to ethanol. The aboveapproaches purport to improve engine fuel economy and increaseutilization of renewable fuels.

The inventor herein has recognized several issues with such an approach.Specifically, engines designed/optimized for gasoline generally may bedetonation (“Knock”) limited and tend to use higher heat range sparkplugs to avoid fouling under cold start conditions. Conversely, enginesdesigned for alcohols or alcohol blends (e.g., ethanol) may bepreignition limited as the higher compression ratios and earlier sparktiming used to improve thermal efficiency can lead to higher combustionchamber temperatures which, combined with the ignition characteristicsof ethanol, may increase the chance of preignition.

As such, the inventors herein have recognized an approach to address theabove competing requirements. In one example, a system may include asystem for an engine of a vehicle, comprising a combustion chamberlocated in the engine; a delivery system configured to deliver a fueland a fluid to at least the combustion chamber in varying ratios,wherein the fluid includes at least an alcohol; wherein the deliverysystem includes at least a direct injector configured to inject at leastthe fluid directly into the combustion chamber; and a control systemconfigured to advance the timing of the fluid delivered to thecombustion chamber by the direct injector to reduce the likelihood ofknock; and retard the timing of the fluid delivered to the combustionchamber by the direct injector to reduce the likelihood of preignition.

In this way, it is possible to reduce knock and preignition by varyingthe timing of a direct injection of a knock suppressing fluid such asethanol or methanol. By advancing the timing of injection, thelikelihood of knock may be reduced, while retarding the timing ofinjection may reduce the likelihood of preignition.

Furthermore, the inventors herein have also recognized that duringoperation of the engine the amount and/or timing of the knocksuppressing fluid may be varied in response to various operatingconditions such as engine speed, engine load, turbocharging, etc.However, the inventors have also recognized that both the amount of theknock suppressing fluid delivered to the cylinder and the timing of thedelivery of the knock suppressing fluid may affect knock suppression, aswell as pre-ignition.

As such, in one approach, the above issues may be addressed by a methodfor controlling engine operation, comprising delivering an amount of ahydrocarbon fuel and an amount of an alcohol to a cylinder of theengine, where at least said amount of alcohol is delivered at a timingrelative to a position of the piston; and varying said timing as saidamount of alcohol varies.

In this manner, a desired amount of knock suppression may be achievedeven when the amount and/or timing of injection of the knock suppressingfluid is varied, thereby enabling the desired knock and/or preignitionsuppression during transient conditions.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of an example engine.

FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram of an engine having a turbocharger.

FIG. 3A shows a schematic diagram of an example spark plug.

FIG. 3B is a graph showing various temperature ranges for an examplespark plug.

FIG. 3C shows a schematic diagram of an example ignition systemincluding a spark plug heating system.

FIGS. 4-9 show example engine control routines.

FIGS. 10A-10D show several schematic diagrams of example combustionchamber configurations.

FIG. 11 is a graph comparing various temperature ranges for a first anda second spark plug.

FIGS. 12 and 13 show example engine control routines.

FIGS. 14A-14D show several schematic diagrams of example engineconfigurations.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 shows one cylinder of a multi-cylinder engine, as well as theintake and exhaust path connected to that cylinder. In the embodimentshown in FIG. 1, engine 10 is capable of using two different fuelstypes, and/or two different injection types. For example, engine 10 mayuse a hydrocarbon fuel such as gasoline and another substance such as afluid including an alcohol such as ethanol, methanol, a mixture ofgasoline and ethanol (e.g., E85 which is approximately 85% ethanol and15% gasoline), a mixture of gasoline and methanol (e.g., M85 which isapproximately 85% methanol and 15% gasoline), a mixture of an alcoholand water, a mixture of an alcohol, water, and gasoline, etc. Asdescribed herein a “substance” may include a liquid or fluid, gas orvapor, solid, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, a singleinjector (such as a direct injector) may be used to inject a mixture oftwo or more fuel and/or fluid types (e.g., gasoline and/or ethanol,methanol, water). The resulting ratio of the two substances (i.e. fueland/or fluid) in the mixture delivered may be varied during engineoperation via adjustments made by controller 12 via a mixing valve, forexample. In some embodiments, two different injectors can be used foreach cylinder used, such as port and direct injectors. In someembodiments, different size and/or spray pattern injectors may be used,instead of, or in addition to, different locations and different fuels.

As will be described in more detail below, various advantageous resultsmay be obtained by at least some of the above systems. For example, whenusing both gasoline and a fuel having alcohol (e.g., ethanol), it may bepossible to adjust the relative amounts of the fuels to take advantageof the increased charge cooling of alcohol fuels (e.g., via directinjection) to reduce the tendency of knock. This phenomenon, combinedwith increased compression ratio, and/or boosting and/or enginedownsizing, can then be used to obtain large fuel economy benefits (byreducing the knock limitations on the engine). However, when combustinga mixture having alcohol, the likelihood of preignition may be increasedunder some operating conditions.

As used herein, an “injection type” or “type of injection” may refer todifferent injection locations, different compositions of substancesbeing injected (e.g., water, gasoline, alcohol), different fuel blendsbeing injected, different alcohol contents being injected (e.g., 0% vs.85%), etc.

Returning to FIG. 1, a delivery system configured to deliver a fueland/or a substance such as a knock suppressant fluid is shown with twoinjectors per cylinder. An engine can be constructed with two or moreinjectors for each cylinder of the engine, for only one cylinder of theengine, or for more than one but less than all cylinders of the engine.The two injectors may be configured in various locations, such as twoport injectors, one port injector and one direct injector (as shown inFIG. 1), two direct injectors, or others. In some embodiments, engine 10may have only one injector and may only inject one type of fuel and/orfluid. Also, various configurations of the cylinders, injectors, andexhaust system, as well as various configurations for the fuel vaporpurging system and exhaust gas oxygen sensor locations, are possible.

Internal combustion engine 10 is controlled by a control system, whichmay include one or more controllers such as electronic engine controller12. Cylinder or combustion chamber 30 of engine 10 is shown includingcombustion chamber walls 32 with piston 36 positioned therein andconnected to crankshaft 40. A starter motor (not shown) may be coupledto crankshaft 40 via a flywheel (not shown), or alternatively directengine starting may be used. In one particular example, piston 36 mayinclude a recess or bowl (not shown) to help in forming stratifiedcharges of air and fuel, if desired. However, a flat piston may be used.

Combustion chamber, or cylinder, 30 is shown communicating with intakemanifold 44 and exhaust manifold 48 via respective intake valves 52 a(only one of which is shown), and exhaust valves 54 a (only one of whichis shown). Thus, while four valves per cylinder may be used, in someembodiments, a single intake and single exhaust valve per cylinder mayalso be used or two intake valves and one exhaust valve per cylinder maybe used. One characteristic of a combustion chamber 30 is itscompression ratio, which is the ratio of the volume when piston 36 is atbottom center to the ratio of the volume when the piston is at topcenter. In one example, the compression ratio may be approximately 9:1,although this is not required. In some embodiments, the compressionratio may be a different value, such as between 10:1 and 11:1 or 11:1and 12:1, or greater.

FIG. 1 shows a multiple injection system, where engine 10 has bothdirect and port injection, as well as spark ignition. However, in someembodiments, the cylinder may include only one injector for directlyinjecting a fuel and/or a fluid into the combustion chamber or oneinjector for injecting a fuel and/or a fluid upstream of the combustionchamber. Injector 66A is shown directly coupled to combustion chamber 30for delivering injected fuel and/or fluid directly therein in proportionto the pulse width of signal dfpw received from controller 12 viaelectronic driver 68. While FIG. 1 shows injector 66A as a sideinjector, it may also be located overhead of the piston, such as nearthe position of spark plug 92. Such a position may improve mixing andcombustion due to the lower volatility of some alcohol based fuels. Theinjector may also be located overhead and near the intake valve toimprove mixing.

Fuel and/or fluid may be delivered to injector 66A by a high pressuredelivery system (not shown) including a fuel and/or fluid tank, pumps,and a fuel and/or fluid rail. Alternatively, fuel and/or fluid may bedelivered by a single stage pump at lower pressure. Further, while notshown, the fuel and/or fluid tank (or tanks) may (each) have a pressuretransducer providing a signal to the control system.

Injector 66B is shown coupled to intake manifold 44, rather thandirectly to cylinder 30. Injector 66B delivers injected fuel inproportion to the pulse width of signal pfpw received from controller 12via electronic driver 68. Note that a single driver 68 may be used forboth injectors, or multiple drivers may be used. Fuel system 164 is alsoshown in schematic form delivering vapors to intake manifold 44. Variousfuel systems and fuel vapor purge systems may be used.

Intake manifold 44 is shown communicating with throttle body 58 viathrottle plate 62. In this particular example, throttle plate 62 iscoupled to electric motor 94 so that the position of throttle plate 62is controlled by controller 12 via electric motor 94. This configurationmay be referred to as electronic throttle control (ETC), which can alsobe utilized during idle speed control. In some embodiments (not shown),a bypass air passageway can be arranged in parallel with throttle plate62 to control inducted airflow during idle speed control via an idlecontrol by-pass valve positioned within the air passageway.

Exhaust gas sensor 76 is shown coupled to exhaust manifold 48 upstreamof catalytic converter 70 (where sensor 76 can correspond to variousdifferent sensors). For example, sensor 76 may be any of many knownsensors for providing an indication of exhaust gas air/fuel ratio, suchas a linear oxygen sensor, a UEGO, a two-state oxygen sensor, an EGO, aHEGO, or an HC or CO sensor. In this particular example, sensor 76 is atwo-state oxygen sensor that provides signal EGO to controller 12 whichconverts signal EGO into two-state signal EGOS. A high voltage state ofsignal EGOS indicates exhaust gases are rich of stoichiometry and a lowvoltage state of signal EGOS indicates exhaust gases are lean ofstoichiometry. Signal EGOS may be used during feedback air/fuel controlto maintain average air/fuel at stoichiometry during a stoichiometrichomogeneous mode of operation.

Emission control device 72 is shown positioned downstream of catalyticconverter 70. Emission control device 72 may be a three-way catalyst ora NOx trap, or combinations thereof. Sensor 160 may provide anindication of oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas via signal 162,which provides controller 12 a voltage indicative of the O₂concentration. For example, sensor 160 can be a HEGO, UEGO, EGO, orother type of exhaust gas sensor. Also note that, as described abovewith regard to sensor 76, sensor 160 can correspond to various differentsensors.

Ignition system 88 including one or more spark plugs, can provide aspark to combustion chamber 30, for example, via spark plug 92 inresponse to spark advance signal SA from controller 12. In someembodiments, spark plug 92 can be configured to receive a voltagegenerated by an ignition coil contained within ignition system 88. Anelectric current may be supplied from ignition system 88 to achieve avoltage difference between a center electrode and a side electrode ofthe spark plug, as will be shown in greater detail below with referenceto 3A. At low voltages, current may be restricted from flowing betweenthe center and side electrodes by the air gap, but as voltage isincreased, the gases in the vicinity of the spark plug begin to change.Once the voltage across the spark plug (i.e., between the center andside electrodes, also referred to as the spark gap) exceeds thedielectric strength of the gases, the gases may become ionized. Anionized gas may then become a conductor, allowing current to flow acrossthe spark gap. The flow of current across the spark gap causes atemperature increase in the vicinity of the spark plug, initiatingcombustion of the air and fuel mixture.

The control system may be configured to control the ignition system sothat a single ignition spark is performed by the spark plug to initiatecombustion of a fuel and/or fluid mixture within the combustion chamber.In some embodiments, the control system may be configured to controlspark plug 92 so that multiple sparks are performed. For example,multiple sparks may be used to ensure complete combustion of the fluidand fuel mixture and/or to increase the temperature of the spark plug.

In some conditions, the control system may use one or more strategies toincrease the temperature of the spark plug. For example, multiple sparksmay be used. In some embodiments, the spark plug may be configured witha heating system for increasing the temperature of the spark plug. Byincreasing the temperature of the spark plug, fouling and/or misfire maybe reduced, under some conditions.

In some embodiments, the control system may use feedback from a varietyof sensors to control engine operation. One example is ionizationsensing or ion sensing, which may be achieved by applying a voltageacross the spark plug. The current or resistance detected responsive tothe applied voltage can be indicative of the creation of ions orionization, including their relative concentration and recombination,the pressure within the combustion chamber, and the temperature of thecombustion chamber and/or spark plug, among others. In some embodiments,ion sensing may be used only when the spark plug is not performing aspark. However, in some embodiments, ion sensing may be used at anytime, even during a sparking operation.

In one example, ion sensing may be used to detect knock within thecombustion chamber. For example, knock may cause a pressure oscillationin the cylinder with a frequency defined at least partially by thegeometry of the combustion chamber. This oscillation may be present inthe detected current responsive to the applied ion sensing voltage. Insome embodiments, ion sensing may be used to detect misfire within thecombustion chamber. For example, misfire may result in low or noproduction of ions and hence when there is a misfire, there may be acorresponding low or no current detected. Further, ion sensing may beused to detect preignition and/or a preignition condition (i.e. acondition approaching preignition) of the fuel and/or fluid within thecombustion chamber based on an analysis of the detected ion sensingcurrent by the control system. Ion sensing may also be used to detectspark plug fouling and/or a spark plug fouling condition (i.e. acondition approaching spark plug fouling) based on an analysis of thedetected ion sensing current by the control system.

In some embodiments, ignition system 88 may be configured to perform theion sensing operation at a set interval or upon a signal from controller12, wherein the detected current and/or ionization at the spark plug maybe returned to controller 12 for analysis. In this manner, knock,misfire, preignition, and/or spark plug fouling conditions may bedetermined. By differentiating these combustion conditions, the controlsystem may be able to respond by adjusting one or more operatingconditions of the engine, thereby decreasing the occurrence of knock,misfire, preignition and/or spark plug fouling, which may serve toimprove engine efficiency and/or performance.

In response to various operating conditions, the control system maycause combustion chamber 30 to operate in a variety of combustion modes,including a homogeneous air/fuel mode and/or a stratified air/fuel modeby controlling injection timing, injection amounts, spray patterns, etc.Further, combined stratified and homogenous mixtures may be formed inthe combustion chamber. In one example, stratified layers may be formedby operating injector 66A during a compression stroke. In anotherexample, a homogenous mixture may be formed by operating one or both ofinjectors 66A and 66B during an intake stroke (which may include openvalve injection). In yet another example, a homogenous mixture may beformed by operating one or both of injectors 66A and 66B before anintake stroke (which may include closed valve injection). In still otherexamples, multiple injections from one or both of injectors 66A and 66Bmay be used during one or more strokes (e.g., intake, compression,exhaust, etc.). Even further examples may include different injectiontimings and mixture formations under different conditions, as describedbelow.

The control system can vary the air/fuel ratio for combustion chamber 30by controlling the amount of fuel and/or fluid delivered by injectors66A and 66B so that the homogeneous, stratified, or combinedhomogenous/stratified air/fuel mixtures formed within the combustionchamber can be selected to be at stoichiometry, a value rich ofstoichiometry, or a value lean of stoichiometry. While FIG. 1 shows twoinjectors for the cylinder, one being a direct injector and the otherbeing a port injector, in some embodiments two direct injectors or twoport injectors for the cylinder may be used and/or open valve injectionmay be used.

In some embodiments, the resulting relative amounts (e.g. ratio) and/orabsolute amounts of a fuel (e.g. gasoline) and one or more fluids (e.g.ethanol, methanol, water, etc.) delivered to the combustion chamber viaat least one of direct injector 66A and port injector 66B may be variedin response to various operating conditions. For example, the amount ofethanol that is injected may be adjusted for the amount of oxygen in theethanol and/or fuel such as gasoline so that an increased amount ofethanol is delivered compared to the fuel. In the case of leancombustion, the amount of ethanol fuel may be adjusted for the calorificvalue of ethanol relative to gasoline.

As described herein, operating conditions may include the temperature ofvarious components or systems of the engine or vehicle, ambientconditions such as air temperature and pressure, engine output such asspeed, load, torque, and power, spark timing, fuel and/or fluidinjection amounts, fuel and/or fluid injection timing, spark timing,detection of knock, preignition, spark plug fouling and misfire, turbocharging or super charging conditions, combinations thereof, etc. Forexample, the control system may be configured to detect undesirablecombustion events such as knock, preignition, misfire, and/or spark plugfouling, and to respond to one or more of these events by varying theamount of at least one of the fuel and the fluid(s) delivered to thecylinder and/or spark timing. In some embodiments, the control systemmay be configured to vary the timing of delivery of the fuel andfluid(s) via the direct injector and/or the port injector to reduce theoccurrence of knock, preignition, misfire, and/or spark plug fouling.For example, under some conditions, such as at some ratios or amounts offuel and/or fluid, engine speed, engine load, detection of preignitionor where preignition is to be reduced, the control system may delayand/or reduce a direct injection of a knock suppressing fluid such asethanol or methanol, thereby reducing preignition. However, the controlsystem may be configured to perform other operations in response to areduction of a knock suppressing fluid to achieve the desired engineoutput and/or knock suppression. For example, the spark timing may beretarded and/or the amount of fuel delivered to the combustion chambercan be increased as the fluid is reduced. However, in some examples,engine output may be reduced and/or the cylinder may be deactivated tostop preignition.

In another example, under some conditions, such as at some ratios oramounts of fuel and/or fluid, engine speed, engine load, detection ofknock or where knock is to be reduced, the control system may advancethe timing of the direct injection and/or increase the amount of thedirect injection or injections of a knock suppressing fluid such asethanol, methanol and/or water so that mixing is improved and chargecooling and/or fuel octane is increased, thereby reducing knock. In thismanner, the delivery of fuel and/or fluid(s) may be varied in responseto operating conditions of the engine.

The control system can further be used to adjust one or more parametersthat affect engine conditions in response to ion sensing or othersensors. For example, if preignition conditions are detected, thetemperature within the combustion chamber and/or spark plug tiptemperature may be adjusted to reduce preignition. Alternatively, if aspark plug fouling condition is detected, the temperature within thecombustion chamber and/or the spark plug temperature may be adjusted sothat spark plug fouling is reduced. For example, if a spark plug foulingcondition is detected, the temperature of the spark plug may beincreased to burn off material (e.g. carbon, soot, etc.) that may bedeposited on the spark plug during operation of the engine. During thisburn-off period, in a system with 2 spark plugs, the spark control canbe switched to the second spark plug. In some cases, the dwell time ofthe spark plug may be increased to remove the fouling at the same timewhen the combustion temperature are at the peak, for example, at peaktorque location of 15 deg. after top dead center ATDC of pistonposition. In this way, the combustion temperatures may assist theelectrical heating of the plug. However, in some conditions, thetemperature within the combustion chamber may be reduced, by using moreEGR, VCT retard or lean operation, to avoid the temperature range wherethe deposited material may be more conductive.

Controller 12 is shown as a microcomputer, including microprocessor unit102, input/output ports 104, an electronic storage medium 106, shown asread only memory, for storing executable programs and calibrationvalues, random access memory 108, keep alive memory 110, and aconventional data bus. Controller 12 is shown receiving various signalsfrom sensors coupled to engine 10, in addition to those signalspreviously discussed, including measurement of inducted mass air flow(MAF) from mass air flow sensor 100 coupled to throttle body 58; enginecoolant temperature (ECT) from temperature sensor 112 coupled to coolingsleeve 114; a profile ignition pickup signal (PIP) from Hall effectsensor 118 coupled to crankshaft 40; and throttle position TP fromthrottle position sensor 120; absolute Manifold Pressure Signal MAP fromsensor 122; an indication of knock from knock sensor 182; and anindication of absolute or relative ambient humidity from sensor 180.Engine speed signal RPM can be generated from signal PIP in aconventional manner, and the manifold pressure signal MAP can provide anindication of vacuum, or pressure, in the intake manifold. Duringstoichiometric operation, this sensor can give an indication of engineload. Further, this sensor, along with engine speed, can provide anestimate of charge (including air) inducted into the cylinder. Sensor118, which can also be used as an engine speed sensor, can produce apredetermined number of equally spaced pulses every revolution of thecrankshaft.

FIG. 1 shows a variable camshaft timing system. Specifically, camshaft130 of engine 10 is shown communicating with rocker arms 132 and 134 foractuating the intake valves and the exhaust valves. Camshaft 130 can bedirectly coupled to housing 136. Housing 136 forms a toothed wheelhaving a plurality of teeth 138. Housing 136 is hydraulically coupled tocrankshaft 40 via a timing chain or belt (not shown). Therefore, housing136 and camshaft 130 rotate at a speed substantially equivalent to thecrankshaft. However, by manipulation of the hydraulic coupling, therelative position of camshaft 130 to crankshaft 40 can be varied byhydraulic pressures in advance chamber 142 and retard chamber 144. Byallowing high pressure hydraulic fluid to enter advance chamber 142, therelative relationship between camshaft 130 and crankshaft 40 isadvanced. Thus, the intake valves and exhaust valves open and close at atime earlier than normal relative to crankshaft 40. Similarly, byallowing high pressure hydraulic fluid to enter retard chamber 144, therelative relationship between camshaft 130 and crankshaft 40 isretarded. Thus, the intake valves and exhaust valves open and close at atime later than normal relative to crankshaft 40.

While this example shows a system in which the intake and exhaust valvetiming are controlled concurrently, variable intake cam timing, variableexhaust cam timing, dual independent variable cam timing, or fixed camtiming may be used. Further, variable valve lift may also be used.Further, camshaft profile switching may be used to provide different camprofiles under different operating conditions. Further still, thevalvetrain may be roller finger follower, direct acting mechanicalbucket, electromechanical, electrohydraulic, or other alternatives torocker arms.

Continuing with the variable cam timing system, teeth 138, being coupledto housing 136 and camshaft 130, allow for measurement of relative camposition via cam timing sensor 150 providing signal VCT to controller12. Teeth 1, 2, 3, and 4 are preferably used for measurement of camtiming and are equally spaced (for example, in a V-8 dual bank engine,spaced 90 degrees apart from one another), while tooth 5 is preferablyused for cylinder identification. In addition, controller 12 sendscontrol signals (LACT, RACT) to conventional solenoid valves (not shown)to control the flow of hydraulic fluid either into advance chamber 142or retard chamber 144.

Relative cam timing can be measured in a variety of ways. In generalterms, the time, or rotation angle, between the rising edge of the PIPsignal and receiving a signal from one of the plurality of teeth 138 onhousing 136 gives a measure of the relative cam timing. For theparticular example of a V-8 engine, with two cylinder banks and afive-toothed wheel, a measure of cam timing for a particular bank isreceived four times per revolution, with the extra signal used forcylinder identification. In some embodiments, electric valve actuators(EVA) may be used instead of variable cam timing, cam profile switching,etc.

As described above, FIG. 1 merely shows one cylinder of a multi-cylinderengine. Each of a plurality of different cylinders can have its own setof intake/exhaust valves, one or more fuel and/or fluid injectors, oneor more spark plugs, etc., and such components can be similarlyconfigured for each of the plural cylinders, or the components for atleast one such cylinder can be configured differently than thecomponents for at least one other cylinder.

The engine may be coupled to a starter motor (not shown) for startingthe engine. The starter motor may be powered when the driver turns a keyin the ignition switch on the steering column, or an engine startupcommand is otherwise issued by the driver and/or the control system. Thestarter motor can be disengaged after engine starting, for example, byengine 10 reaching a predetermined speed after a predetermined time.Further, in the disclosed embodiments, an exhaust gas recirculation(EGR) system may be used to route a desired portion of exhaust gas fromexhaust manifold 48 to intake manifold 44 via an EGR valve (not shown).Alternatively, a portion of combustion gases may be retained in thecombustion chambers by controlling exhaust valve timing.

As noted above, engine 10 may operate in various modes, including leanoperation, rich operation, and “near stoichiometric” operation. “Nearstoichiometric” operation can refer to oscillatory operation around thestoichiometric air fuel ratio. Typically, this oscillatory operation isgoverned by feedback from exhaust gas oxygen sensors. In this nearstoichiometric operating mode, the engine may be operated withinapproximately one air-fuel ratio of the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio.

Feedback air-fuel ratio control may be used for providing nearstoichiometric operation. Further, feedback from exhaust gas oxygensensors can be used for controlling air-fuel ratio during lean operationand during rich operation. In particular, a switching type, heatedexhaust gas oxygen sensor (HEGO) can be used for stoichiometric air-fuelratio control by controlling fuel injected (or additional air viathrottle or VCT) based on feedback from the HEGO sensor and the desiredair-fuel ratio. Further, a UEGO sensor (which provides a substantiallylinear output versus exhaust air-fuel ratio) can be used for controllingair-fuel ratio during lean, rich, and stoichiometric operation. In thiscase, fuel injection (or additional air via throttle or VCT) can beadjusted based on a desired air-fuel ratio and the air-fuel ratio fromthe sensor. Further still, individual cylinder air-fuel ratio controlcould be used, if desired. Adjustments may be made with injector 66A,66B, or combinations therefore depending on various factors, to controlengine air-fuel ratio, or by a single injector operatively coupled to amixing valve.

With the combination of two substances, such as with gasoline and analcohol (e.g. ethanol and/or methanol), the air/fuel correction in thefeedback control may be adjusted in a feedforward basis based on theoxygen content in alcohol and the amount of alcohol injected. This canenable the control system to a more rapid and robust response inconditions where the ratio of alcohol to fuel is changed in a dynamicmanner. Also, this method can be used to normalize the fuel adaptationmechanism.

Also note that various methods can be used to maintain the desiredtorque, such as, for example, adjusting ignition timing, throttleposition, variable cam timing position, exhaust gas recirculationamount, number of cylinders carrying out combustion and/or air/fuelratio. Further, these variables can be individually adjusted for eachcylinder to maintain cylinder balance among all the cylinders. While notshown in FIG. 1, engine 10 may be coupled to various boosting devices,such as a supercharger or turbocharger, as shown in FIG. 2.

FIG. 2 schematically shows an example engine 10 a having four cylindersin an in-line configuration. In one embodiment, engine 10 a may have aturbocharger 319, which has a turbine 319 a coupled in the exhaustmanifold 48 a and a compressor 319 b coupled in the intake manifold 44a. While FIG. 2 does not show an intercooler, one may optionally beused. Turbine 319 a is typically coupled to compressor 319 b via a driveshaft 315. Various types of turbocharger arrangements may be used. Forexample, a variable geometry turbocharger (VGT) may be used where thegeometry of the turbine and/or compressor may be varied during engineoperation by the control system. Alternately, or in addition, a variablenozzle turbocharger (VNT) may be used when a variable area nozzle isplaced upstream and/or downstream of the turbine in the exhaust line(and/or upstream or downstream of the compressor in the intake line) forvarying the effective expansion or compression of gasses through theturbocharger. Still other approaches may be used for varying expansionin the exhaust, such as a waste gate valve. FIG. 2 shows an examplebypass valve 320 around turbine 319 a and an example bypass valve 322around compressor 319 b, where each valve may be controller via thecontrol system. As noted above, the valves may be located within theturbine or compressor, or may be a variable nozzle.

Also, a twin turbocharger arrangement, and/or a sequential turbochargerarrangement, may be used if desired. In the case of multiple adjustableturbocharger and/or stages, it may be desirable to vary a relativeamount of expansion though the turbocharger, depending on operatingconditions (e.g. manifold pressure, airflow, engine speed, etc.).Further, a supercharger may be used, if desired.

FIG. 3A schematically shows an example spark plug 92 a. While spark plug92 a and other types of spark plugs can be used in combustion chamber 30of FIG. 1, it should be understood that spark plug 92 a is just oneexample of a spark plug device. Spark plug 92 a has a generallycylindrical shape, in which an upper portion is located outside of thecombustion chamber and a spark plug tip 321 is located within thecombustion chamber. The upper portion includes a terminal 310, which maybe coupled to an ignition system, enabling electric current to flow fromthe ignition system into a conductive inner core of the spark plug. Insome embodiments, terminal 310 may be configured to receive electriccurrent for performing a spark. The terminal may also be configured toreceive a second electric current for powering a spark plug heatingsystem of the spark plug. Alternatively, spark plug 92 may not include aheating system.

Continuing with FIG. 3A, an insulating portion 314 and a conductiveportion 316 are shown, and provide an outer shell of the spark plugsurrounding a conductive inner core (not shown). In some examples,insulating portion 314 may contain one or more surface ribs 312 used toimprove insulation of the spark plug and prevent electrical energy fromleaking from the terminal to the conductive portion along the side ofthe spark plug. In some examples, insulating portion 314 may includealuminum oxide ceramic; however, other materials may be used. Conductiveportion 316 is shown including threads 317, which can be used to screwthe spark plug into an opening in the combustion chamber, enabling seals318 to reduce communication of air or other gases between outside of thecombustion chamber and inside the combustion chamber.

Spark plug tip 321 may include a center electrode 325 communicatingelectrically with terminal 310 via an internal conductive core.Furthermore, a side electrode 324 is shown coupled to conductive portion316. A spark gap 326 is shown between the center and side electrodes forgenerating a spark responsive to an applied voltage. Conductive portion316 can perform various functions. In some examples, the conductiveportion can be made of an electrically conductive metal that enableselectric current to flow between the side electrode and wall of thecombustion chamber, thereby grounding the side electrode. Furthermore,the conductive portion can be used to transfer heat between the sparkplug and the wall of the combustion chamber.

The exact material composition, size, and shape of various portions ofthe spark plug may affect the heat range of the spark plug. By varyingthe length, width, and/or material of various portions, the heat rangeand therefore the operating temperature of the spark plug may be varied.In one example, the relative amount of material comprising insulatingportion 314 may be reduced compared to conductive portion 316, therebyincreasing the rate of heat transfer from the spark plug tip anddecreasing the temperature of the spark plug for a given condition ofthe engine. In another example, the length of the center electrodeextending beyond the insulating portion of the spark plug tip may beincreased, thereby increasing the temperature at the tip of the centerelectrode for a given engine condition. It should be appreciated thatadditional variations in spark plug design for various heat ranges andoperating conditions may be used.

In some conditions, carbon or soot may form on combustion chambersurfaces and spark plugs. For example, carbon may be deposited on thespark plug when the air/fuel mixture is too rich to permit completeburning of the fuel/air charge. Carbon deposited on the spark plugceramic shell surrounding the center electrode, among other portions ofthe spark plug, may become conductive under certain conditions (e.g. attip temperatures over approximately 343° C. (650° F.)) and can shunt theignition spark to ground, potentially resulting in spark plug foulingand/or misfire. In particular, the deposited carbon may become highlyconductive when spark plug tip temperatures are between approximately343° C. (650° F.) and 510° C. (950° F.). However, at tip temperaturesless than approximately 343° C. (650° F.), the deposited carbon may beless conductive. At temperatures greater than approximately 510° C.(950° F.) the deposited carbon may be burned off of the spark plug,reducing the occurrence of spark plug fouling. It should be appreciatedthat these temperatures are approximate and are provided as examples.Thus, the temperature within the combustion chamber and/or thetemperature of the spark plug may be adjusted so that spark plug foulingcan be reduced.

In some conditions, the rate at which carbon is deposited on the sparkplug may vary with air/fuel ratio. For example, in some conditions,carbon and/or soot may accumulate at air/fuel ratios near 14.0:1, butthe rate of accumulation at air/fuel ratios less than 12.5:1 may be muchfaster. This accumulated carbon and/or soot may prevent firing of thespark plug to a point where spark plug replacement and/or cleaning maybe the only way to restore function. Thus, the rate of carbonaccumulation may be varied by adjusting the air/fuel ratio.

In some conditions, the temperature within combustion chamber 30 may behigh enough to cause preignition of the mixture (e.g. air, fuel,ethanol, water, etc.) potentially resulting in engine knock, componentdamage, noise and vibration harshness (NVH), inefficient engineoperation, piston/valve damage, etc. For example, the portion or tip ofthe spark plug exposed to or disposed within the combustion chamber mayreach a temperature high enough to cause preignition. As will bedescribed below, preignition may be reduced by decreasing thetemperature within the combustion chamber and/or decreasing the sparkplug tip temperature.

FIG. 3B is a graph showing several temperature operating regions of anexample spark plug. Temperature regions 350, 360, 370, and 380 representspark plug tip temperature ranges at which various conditions may occur,such as fouling or preignition. In particular, FIG. 3B shows Regions 350and 360 representing the tip temperature range where carbon and/or sootmay be deposited on the spark plug tip. As described above, carbon maybe deposited on the spark plug when tip temperatures are less than atemperature where the carbon is burned-off. However, the depositedcarbon may be more conductive at some temperature ranges as defined byRegion 360. This conductive carbon can reduce the effectiveness of thespark plug to produce an ignition spark or it may completely inhibitignition resulting in misfire. Thus, Region 360 shows the temperaturerange where spark plug fouling may occur. At higher temperatures, asdefined by Regions 370 and 380, the deposited carbon can be burned offof the spark plug tip, thereby reducing fouling. However, at very hightemperatures, as defined by Region 380, the tip temperature may besufficiently hot to cause preignition or surface ignition of theair/fuel mixture.

Thus, in some conditions, the spark plug may be operated in Region 350and/or Region 370 to reduce or avoid spark plug fouling and/orpreignition. Some substances such as fluids containing ethanol may beless prone to causing spark plug fouling. Thus, in some embodiments, thecontrol system can be configured to increase the amount of a fluid suchas ethanol delivered to the combustion chamber and/or reduce the amountof a fuel such as gasoline when the engine is operated at temperatureswhere spark plug fouling may occur. In this way, one or more cylindersof the engine may utilize greater amounts of ethanol to achievecombustion without causing spark plug fouling. Furthermore, as will bedescribed below, engine conditions may be adjusted to maintain cylinderand/or spark plug temperature within a range where the occurrence ofpreignition or spark plug fouling is reduced or avoided.

In some embodiments, an ignition system, such as ignition system 88 andassociated spark plug 92 of FIG. 1, may include a spark plug heatingsystem. As a nonlimiting example, FIG. 3C shows ignition system 88Aconfigured to supply electrical energy to spark plug 92 b by electricalconnection 396 for providing spark plug temperature control via electricresistance heating. Furthermore, an energy storage device 392 (e.g. abattery) may be used to supply electrical energy to ignition system 88A.While this arrangement and other ignition system configurationsdisclosed herein can be used with cylinder 30 of FIG. 1, it should beunderstood that such arrangements can also be used with different engineconfigurations.

In some embodiments, spark plug 92 b may include an internal ceramicheater, for example, similar to the heating system used with a HEGOsensor. In some embodiments, a thin film resistive heater may bedisposed within a portion of the spark plug or on a surface of the sparkplug. The amount of spark plug heating may be adjusted by varying theelectric current supplied to the spark plug via electrical connection396 in addition to providing sparking operation via electricalconnection 394. Alternatively, other types of spark plug heating may beused to control spark plug temperature. In this manner, the controlsystem may be configured to adjust the temperature of the spark plugduring engine operation. For example, the amount of heating may bevaried with operating conditions, such as an estimated temperature ofthe plug, a likelihood of pre-ignition, a likelihood of fouling, anamount of gasoline and/or alcohol delivered to the engine, a boostingamount, engine load, and/or others.

FIGS. 4-8 show several example routines for controlling engineoperation. In some examples, these routines may utilize informationregarding the composition of an injection and/or fuel type. For example,if ethanol is contained in a fuel being injected, an estimate of theamount of ethanol (absolute, fractional, etc.) may be used to controloperation. Thus, when using separate injection of a first and secondsubstance, by providing an accurate estimate of an ethanol fraction inthe second substance, for example, it can be possible to provideappropriate amounts of the first and second substances to enableimproved spark timing, reduced knock tendency, and reduced potential forpreignition.

FIG. 4 shows an example routine for controlling engine operation basedon an amount of a fuel and/or fluid provided to the combustion chamber.The approach illustrated by FIG. 4 may be applied to variouscombinations of substances and injection types, and is not limited tothe below described ethanol/gasoline blend.

At 410, the routine determines a desired engine output, such as adesired engine output torque, based on various operating conditions,such as driver pedal position, vehicle speed, gear ratio, etc. Next, at412, the routine determines a desired cylinder air charge amount basedon the desired output (e.g. torque, speed, power, etc.) and a desiredair-fuel ratio. At 414, the routine determines a feedforward amount ofknock suppression needed for the desired output at the current operatingconditions (e.g., air-fuel ratio, RPM, engine coolant temperature, amongothers). Alternatively, the routine may determine a desired chargecooling or knock reduction based on current operation conditions, andoptionally based on feedback from a knock sensor or other sensorindicative of knock.

At 416 and 418 the routine determines a delivery amount of a firstsubstance and a second substance delivered to the combustion chamberbased on the amount of knock suppression needed and a composition of thesubstances (e.g., the ethanol fraction or amount, the water fraction oramount, or others). Depending on the composition of the substance,either a greater or lesser knock suppression effect may be achieved.Finally, the routine ends.

FIG. 5 shows a routine for reacting to an indication of engine knock,such as from a knock sensor, cylinder pressure sensor, or otherindication that knock is occurring, or is about to occur. At 510 theroutine reads current operating conditions, such as speed, load, etc.Then, at 512, the routine determines whether a measure of knock from aknock sensor has reached a threshold value. As noted above, variousother indications for detecting knock may additionally or alternativelybe used.

If knock is not indicated at 512, the routine may return. Alternatively,if knock is indicated at 512, the routine continues to 514 to determinewhether delivery of a knock suppression substance (e.g., whetherdelivery of alcohol and/or water) is enabled. In other words, theroutine determines whether conditions are acceptable for delivery of aknock suppression substance, based on, for example, coolant temperature,time since an engine start, and/or others. If conditions are notacceptable for delivery of a knock suppression substance, then theroutine proceeds to 516 to retard spark timing to reduce knock, and thentakes additional actions at 518, optionally, if necessary, such asreducing airflow and/or reducing preignition, etc.

If the answer at 514 is yes, the routine proceeds to 520 to increasedelivery of a knock suppression substance (e.g. ethanol, methanol,water, etc.) and correspondingly decrease other fuel delivery (e.g.,port gasoline injection), assuming such an increase is acceptable givenpotential limits on increasing alcohol delivery under conditions thatmay increase likelihood of preignition. For example, a desired ethanol,methanol and/or water amount or ratio to gasoline may be increased, butlimited below values that may increase the likelihood of preignitionabove acceptable levels. Alternatively, the desired ethanol, methanol,and/or water amount or ratio to gasoline may be increased to wherepreignition may occur, but with steps taken to reduce preignition. Also,the amount of increase and/or decrease may be varied depending on anamount of water or other substance in the knock suppression delivery(e.g., an amount/percentage of water in a water/ethanol directioninjection).

In other words, spark retard and other operations as noted herein toreduce knock may be used if delivery of alcohol (e.g. ethanol ormethanol) and/or water, for example via direct injection, is near amaximum available or allowed amount (e.g., due to limits related topreignition). Thus, at 522, spark may optionally be retarded relative toits current timing before or concurrently with adjustments made at 520,and then spark timing may be returned to the previous timing once thefuel adjustments take effect.

At 524, the timing of delivery of a knock suppression substance (e.g. afluid including at least one of water, ethanol, methanol, etc.) may beoptionally adjusted. For example, a direct injection of ethanol may beadvanced, if desired. In this manner, the earlier direct injection ofthe fluid can reduce knock by enabling increased mixing and thusincreased charge cooling effects. However, the direct injection of someknock suppressing fluids such as ethanol or methanol may be moresusceptible to preignition when the injection timing is advanced. Thus,the timing of a direct injection of ethanol and/or methanol may bebalanced between the functions of suppressing knock and reducingpreignition.

Further, other adjustments may be made, such as reducing boosting,reducing manifold pressure, etc. Note that the combination of sparktiming and injection adjustment may be beneficial in that the sparktiming change may have a faster effect on knock than the fuel changeunder some conditions. However, once the injection adjustment has beeneffected, the spark timing may be returned to avoid fuel economy losses.In this way, fast response and low losses can be achieved. Under someconditions, only spark adjustments, or only fuel and/or fluidadjustments without spark adjustments may be used so that even temporaryretard of spark timing is reduced.

As noted above, manifold pressure may be adjusted, for example, via avariable geometry turbocharger, electrically controlled supercharger,adjustable compressor bypass valve, a waste gate and/or electronicthrottle control in response to an amount of ethanol (or relative amountof ethanol) or other substance delivered to the combustion chamber,speed, desired torque, transmission gear ratio, etc.

FIG. 6 shows a routine for determining conditions within the combustionchamber by detecting ionization at the spark plug. During combustion,dissociation may occur, forming radicals/ions within the combustionchamber. By monitoring the ionization at the spark plug during thecompression and/or expansion stroke, a determination may be made of thecombustion process. For example, combustion of a fuel and/or one or morefluids within the combustion chamber may produce a first ionization atthe spark plug indicative of whether there is a spark plug foulingcondition that may be detected, for example, by measuring the currentsignal responsive to a voltage applied across the spark plug (i.e. ionsensing). In another example, combustion of a fuel and/or one or morefluids within the combustion chamber may produce a second ionization atthe spark plug indicative of a preignition condition that may bedetected by ion sensing.

Ionization may also be detected during other times during the enginecycle, such as during the intake and/or exhaust strokes. Ionizationdetection or ion sensing may be used by the engine control system (e.g.controller 12) to adjust operating conditions of the engine, therebyreducing preignition, misfire, knock and spark plug fouling.

The ionization at the spark plug may be detected at 610. Next, at 612,the detected ionization may be analyzed by the control system, forexample, by comparing the detected current responsive to a voltageapplied across the spark plug to signals associated with variouscombustion conditions, such as misfire, preignition, spark plug fouling,knock, etc. At 614 it is judged whether ionization has been detected. Ifthe answer is no, then it may be concluded at 616 that misfire hasoccurred, wherein the engine may be adjusted in response to misfire at618. For example, the spark plug may be controlled to overcome misfireby performing additional and/or higher energy ignition sparks toinitiate combustion. In another example, if the combustion chamberincludes a second spark plug, the second spark plug may be controlled toperform an ignition spark. Next, it may be judged at 620 whether misfirewas due to spark plug fouling. In some examples, spark plug fouling maybe determined based on past or current operating conditions of theengine, such as combustion chamber and/or spark plug temperature, etc.For example, if the cylinder was operating at a temperature wheredeposited carbon is more conductive before misfire was detected, it maybe concluded that misfire was caused by spark plug fouling. If theanswer at 620 is no, the routine returns. If the answer at 620 is yes,the routine proceeds to 624.

If the answer at 614 is yes (i.e. ionization has been detected), then itmay be judged at 622 whether fouling conditions have been detected andwhether at 626 preignition conditions (e.g. preignition has occurred orpreignition may occur) have been detected. If a fouling condition hasbeen detected, then the engine may be adjusted at 624 in response to thedetected fouling condition. For example, the temperature of thecombustion chamber and/or spark plug may be increased for one or more ofthe subsequent engine cycles. A further discussion of the response tospark plug fouling detection may be found below with reference to FIG.7. If preignition conditions are detected (e.g. the combustion chambertemperature is within a temperature range where preignition of the fueland/or fluid may occur), then the engine may be adjusted at 628 inresponse to the detected preignition conditions. For example, thetemperature of the combustion chamber and/or spark plug may be decreasedfor subsequent engine cycle(s). A further discussion of the response todetected preignition conditions may be found below with reference toFIG. 8.

In some embodiments, misfire, preignition, and/or fouling conditions maybe detected by other methods in addition to or independent of detectingthe ionization at the spark plug. For example, various sensors may beused to detect combustion chamber and/or spark plug temperature. Inanother example, preignition or fouling conditions may be estimatedbased on operating conditions of the engine such as the type and/oramount of injections used, engine speed, engine load, engine torque,etc.

FIG. 7 shows a routine for adjusting one or more operating conditions ofthe engine responsive to a spark plug fouling condition (e.g. spark plugfouling has occurred or may occur). In some embodiments, spark plugfouling may be detected by ion sensing and/or temperature sensing of thecombustion chamber, spark plug, engine coolant, exhaust gas temperature,etc. In some embodiments, the control system may be configured topredict spark plug fouling conditions based on other operatingconditions such as the amount and/or 0 timing of the fuel and/or fluiddelivered to the combustion chamber, engine output, etc. In someembodiments, a spark plug fouling condition may be inferred by thecontrol system from a detected misfire.

At 710 it may judged whether a spark plug fouling condition has beendetected. If the answer is no, the routine may return to 710, where theengine is monitored for spark plug fouling conditions, for example, asshown in FIG. 6. Alternatively, if the answer at 710 is yes, then one ormore operating conditions of the engine may be adjusted.

For example, at 712 it may be judged whether to utilize multiple sparksfrom a spark plug. If the answer is yes, the number of sparks performedby the spark plug may be increased. For example, by increasing thequantity and/or frequency and/or energy of sparks performed by the sparkplug over one or more cycles, then the temperature of the spark plug maybe increased, thereby reducing spark plug fouling. In some examples, thespark plug may perform one or more additional sparks during thecompression and/or expansion strokes, after combustion has beeninitiated by an ignition spark. One or more additional sparks mayadditionally or alternatively be performed during some or all of theexhaust, intake, compression, and expansion strokes. If it is determinednot to utilize multiple sparks to increase spark plug temperature, thenone or more other control operations may be performed. For example,multiple sparks may not be used if battery storage or state of charge islow. In another example, multiple sparks may not be used if spark plugwear is to be reduced. In yet another example, multiple sparks may notbe used if the temperature of an ignition coil and/or a portion of theignition system coupled to the spark plug is above a thresholdtemperature, or other conditions indicate possible damage to theignition system could result.

At 716, it may be judged whether to adjust spark plug heating. If theanswer at 716 is yes, at 718 heat supplied to the spark plug by a sparkplug heating system can be increased, thereby increasing the temperatureof the spark plug and/or reducing spark plug fouling. In someembodiments, spark plug heating may be provided by electric resistanceheating from electrical energy supplied by the vehicle battery. Thus, ifbattery storage or state of charge of an energy storage deviceconfigured to power the spark plug heating system is low, then thecontrol system may decide not to use spark plug heating.

At 720, it may be judged whether to adjust the delivery of fuel and/orfluid to the combustion chamber. If the answer at 720 is yes, the amountof fuel (e.g. gasoline) and/or fluid (e.g. ethanol, methanol, water,etc.) supplied to the combustion chamber can be reduced at 722, whichmay or may not vary the ratio of the fuel and fluid delivery.Alternatively, the amount of fuel can be reduced as the amount ofethanol is increased or vice versa. If the amount of at least one of thefuel and fluid or fluids is decreased, then the temperature of the sparkplug and/or combustion chamber may be increased due to the reduction ofcharge cooling, thereby reducing spark plug fouling. In addition,decreased fuel leads to less rich air/fuel ratio, which may reduce sparkplug fouling. Alternatively, it may judged to not reduce the amount offuel and/or fluid based on factors such as driver requested torqueand/or desired knock suppression, for example.

At 724, it may be judged whether to adjust the spark timing. If theanswer at 724 is yes, the spark timing can be advanced at 726. If thespark timing is advanced, then the temperature of the spark plug and/orcombustion chamber may be increased, thereby reducing spark plugfouling. Alternatively, it may be judged at 724 to not advance sparktiming if spark timing has reached an advance limit. For example, sparkadvance and/or spark retard may be limited by the desired combustiontiming relative to piston position within the combustion chamber, bycombustion stability, by ignitability/flammability limits, etc.

At 728, it may be judged whether to adjust the idle speed of the engine.If the answer is yes, the idle speed can be increased at 730. If theidle speed is increased, then the temperature of the spark plug and/orcombustion chamber may be increased, thereby reducing spark plugfouling. Alternatively, if the answer at 728 is no, the routine mayreturn to 710. In some examples, it may be undesirable to increase idlespeed if engine efficiency is substantially reduced, if NVH issubstantially increased, or if engine output substantially exceedsdriver demand. It should be appreciated that some engines may beconfigured to perform a subset of the above described adjustments and/ordifferent adjustments in order to increase the temperature of the sparkplug and/or combustion chamber to reduce spark plug fouling and/ormisfire.

For example, an engine configured to utilize gasoline as the fuel andethanol as the knock suppressing fluid can be configured to respond to adetection of fouling or fouling conditions by using none, one, some, orall of the control strategies described in FIG. 7. Upon detection ofspark plug fouling or anticipation of fouling, the control system mayincrease and/or advance the timing of ethanol delivered to thecombustion chamber. Additionally, the control system may concurrentlydecrease the amount of gasoline delivered to the combustion chamberand/or advance the spark timing. Furthermore, the spark plug may becontrolled to spark more than once per cycle and/or spark plug heatingmay be increased where additional spark plug heating is desired toreduce spark plug fouling.

FIG. 8 shows a routine for adjusting one or more operating conditions ofthe engine responsive to a preignition condition (e.g. preignition hasoccurred or may occur). In some embodiments, preignition may be detectedby ion sensing and/or temperature sensing of the combustion chamber,spark plug, engine coolant, exhaust gas temperature, etc. In someembodiments, the control system may be configured to predict preignitionconditions based on other operating conditions such as the amount and/ortiming of the fuel and/or fluid delivered to the combustion chamber,engine speed, engine load, engine torque, air/fuel ratio, previouspatterns of engine operating condition, etc. In some embodiments, apreigntion condition may be inferred by the detection of engine knock.

At 810 it may judged whether a preignition condition has been detected.If the answer at 810 is no, the routine returns wherein the engine maybe monitored, for example, as shown in FIG. 6. Alternatively, if theanswer at 810 is yes, one or more operating conditions of the engine maybe adjusted.

For example, at 812 it may be judged whether to deactivate the cylinder(e.g. discontinue combustion), which may include reducing and/ordiscontinuing delivery of fuel and/or fluid to the combustion chamberand/or positioning one or more intake or exhaust valves in an opened orclosed position. If the answer is yes, at 814 the delivery system maystop delivering fuel and/or fluid to the cylinder for one or more cyclesand/or otherwise deactivate one or more cylinders. If combustion isdiscontinued in the cylinder, then the temperature of the spark plugand/or combustion chamber may be reduced, thereby reducing preignition.Alternatively, cylinder deactivation may not be used during someconditions, for example, if a high engine torque is desired.

At 816, it may be judged whether to adjust spark plug heating providedby a spark plug heating system. If the answer at 816 is yes, heatsupplied by the spark plug heater can be decreased or discontinued at818, thereby decreasing the temperature of the spark plug and/orcylinder.

At 820, it may be judged whether to adjust the amount of fuel and/orfluid delivered to the combustion chamber. If the answer at 820 is yes,the amount of fuel (e.g. gasoline, etc.) and/or fluid (e.g. ethanol,methanol, water) supplied to the combustion chamber can be increased at822, which may or may not vary the ratio of the fuel and fluid delivery.Alternatively, the amount of fuel can be increased as the amount ofethanol is decreased or vice versa. By increasing the amount of fueland/or fluid, the charge cooling effects can be increased, therebyreducing the temperature of the cylinder and/or spark plug. However, itmay be determined not to increase the amount of fuel and/or fluidsupplied to the combustion chamber, for example, if such operation wouldresult in inefficient engine operation, engine knock, or if a fueldelivery limit has already been reached. Or, if a substance such asethanol may increase the tendency towards preignition, then the amountof such substance may be decreased while the amount of gasoline and/orwater is increased.

At 824, it may be judged whether to adjust the timing of fuel and/orfluid delivery. If the answer is yes, the timing of a direct injectionof fuel and/or fluid may be adjusted at 826. For example, the timing ofa direct injection of a knock suppressant substance may be controlledbetween an injection timing where volumetric efficiency is increasedand/or maximized and an injection timing where suppression ofpreignition is increased and/or maximized. Thus, in some embodiments,the control system may vary the timing of a direct injection of a knocksuppressing substance so that preignition is avoided while maintaining ahigh and/or maximum possible volumetric efficiency. In some conditions,the timing of a direct injection of a knock suppressing substance can beretarded in response to a detection of preignition or preignitionconditions.

At 828, it may be judged whether to adjust the intake manifold pressure.If the answer is yes, the electronic throttle, waste gate, compressorbypass and/or other variable boost device can be adjusted at 830. Ifmanifold pressure is decreased, then the temperature of the spark plugand/or combustion chamber may be reduced, thereby reducing preignition.However, it may be judged not to decrease manifold pressure if lowerthan desired engine output results and other means of avoidingpreignition are feasible.

At 832, it may be judged whether to adjust spark timing. If the answeris yes, the spark timing may be retarded at 834. By retarding the sparktiming, the temperature of the spark plug and/or combustion chamber maybe decreased, thereby reducing preignition. If the answer at 832 is no,the routine may return to 810. It should be appreciated that someengines may be configured to perform a subset of the above describedadjustments and/or different adjustments in order to decrease thetemperature of the spark plug and/or combustion chamber to reducepreignition.

For example, an engine configured to utilize gasoline as the fuel and asubstance such as ethanol as the knock suppressing fluid can beconfigured to respond to a detection of preignition or preignitionconditions by using none, one, some, or all of the control strategiesdescribed in FIG. 8. For example, upon detection of preignition oranticipation of preignition, the control system may reduce and/or retardthe timing of ethanol delivered to the combustion chamber. Additionally,the control system may concurrently increase the amount of gasolinedelivered to the combustion chamber and/or retard the spark timing.Furthermore, the spark plug may be controlled to spark only once percycle and/or spark plug heating may be reduced where additional sparkplug heating is not required to reduce spark plug fouling.

In another example, upon detection of knock or anticipation of knock,the control system may increase and/or advance the timing of ethanoldelivered to the combustion chamber. Additionally, the control systemmay concurrently decrease the amount of gasoline delivered to thecombustion chamber and/or advance the spark timing.

Thus, combustion conditions within an engine configured to utilize afuel and a knock suppressing fluid (e.g. ethanol, methanol, water, etc.)may be detected at least in part by measuring the ionization at a sparkplug. If preignition, misfire, or fouling conditions are detected viathe measured ionization or other method of detection, then the enginemay be adjusted in response to the detected condition. In addition, theadjustment of fuel types and other substances used during combustion mayfurther be used to reduce engine knock. In this manner, engine operationmay be improved, NVH may be reduced, component damage may be avoidedand/or engine efficiency may be increased.

FIG. 9 shows an example routine for controlling spark plug operation. Inparticular, FIG. 9 shows a routine for providing multiple sparks toincrease the spark plug temperature responsive to operating conditionsof the engine such as temperature of the spark plug, ionization detectedat the spark plug (e.g. ion sensing), a state of charge of an energysource (e.g. battery) coupled to the spark plug, and a ratio and/orabsolute amount of fuel (e.g. gasoline) and fluid (e.g. water, ethanol,methanol, etc.) delivered to the combustion chamber. For example, at 910it may be judged whether to utilize multiple sparks. If multiple sparksare not to be used, then the routine may proceed to 928, where one ormore other control methods may be used to adjust the condition of thespark plug and/or combustion chamber. For example, one or more of theapproaches described above may be used to increase the tip temperatureof the spark plug. At 912 the desired adjustment of the spark plugcondition may be determined, for example, based on a comparison of theestimated and/or inferred tip temperature and the desired tiptemperature. Based on this comparison, the desired adjustment may bespecified as a number of sparks, cumulative spark energy or electricalpower delivered, etc. At 914 it may be judged whether fuel and/or othercombustible fluid has been delivered to the combustion chamber (i.e. thecombustion chamber currently contains at least one type of fuel or othercombustible fluid). If the answer at 914 is yes, a first spark orignition spark may be performed by the spark plug at 916 to initiatecombustion at the desired combustion timing. Next, one or moreadditional sparks may be performed as determined by the control systemto achieve the desired temperature increase of the spark plug at 918.Alternatively, if at 914 it is determined that fuel and/or othercombustible fluid have not been delivered to the combustion chamber,then the routine may proceed to 918.

In some conditions, one or more additional sparks may be used toincrease the temperature of the spark plug tip. In one example, at leastone spark may be performed during the expansion stroke, the exhauststroke, the intake stroke, and/or the compression stroke. In someconditions, the use of additional sparks could continue as long asdesired until the desired temperature increase of the spark plug isachieved. For example, sparks could continue from the time of anignition spark, through some or all of the combustion, expansion,exhaust, and intake strokes, or until fueling of the cylinder begins.The number and/or frequency and/or energy of additional sparks mightalso be determined from other operating conditions of the engine such asion sensing, air/fuel ratio, the amount of fuel injected, the amount offluid injected, the temperature of the engine, the speed of the engine,the engine load, the engine torque, the intake and/or exhaust pressures,ambient temperature, etc. However, in some conditions, the use ofadditional sparks may be limited or controlled responsive to a conditionof the energy source (e.g. battery) or of the ignition system (e.g.measured or inferred ignition coil temperature, spark plug electrodeerosion, or other durability constraints). In this manner, the trade offbetween energy usage, ignition system durability and undesiredcombustion events (e.g. preignition, knock, misfire, fouling, etc.) maybe improved or optimized for the operating conditions.

At 920, it may be judged whether a sufficient spark plug condition hasbeen attained (e.g. sufficient spark plug tip temperature, detectedionization, reduced fouling, reduced preignition, etc.) If a sufficientspark plug condition or conditions has been attained, then the sparksperformed by the spark plug may be discontinued at 922 and the routinemay return to 910. Alternatively, if the spark plug has not reached adesired condition, then the routine may proceed to 924. At 924 it may bejudged whether fueling of the combustion chamber is to begin for thesubsequent cycle. For example, in the case of direct injection or portinjection at open valve injection timing, fueling may begin atinitiation of fuel injection. In the case of port injection at closedvalve injection timing, fueling of the cylinder may begin at intakevalve opening time. If fueling of the combustion chamber is to begin,then the spark may be discontinued at 926 until a subsequent ignitionspark is used to initiate combustion of the fuel and/or fluid.Alternatively, if fueling and/or induction of other combustiblesubstance is not to begin, as for example, after initial combustionduring the compression stroke, during the expansion and exhaust strokes,and/or (for direct injection) during the intake stroke and/or the earlyportion of the compression stroke, then the routine may return to 918,where additional sparks may be performed.

It should be appreciated that multiple sparks may be used in someconditions only when necessary, to avoid parasitic power loss and toavoid excessive erosion of spark plug electrodes, excessive ignitioncoil temperature, or other durability issues. However, in someconditions, it may be more desirable to reduce spark plug fouling andtherefore additional sparks may be used as often or as much as possibleto reduce fouling. In some embodiments, the control system may measurespark plug tip temperature, or infer it based on engine speed, load, aircharge temperature, engine coolant temperature, spark advance, air/fuelratio, engine torque, time since engine start, previous patterns ofengine operating conditions, etc. The multiple spark strategy may beperformed with other methods to vary spark plug temperature, such asspark plug heating, spark advance, fuel and/or fluid delivery, idlespeed increase, etc. Further, the number of additional sparks and/orduration and/or energy of one or more sparks could also be controlled asa function of these or other operating conditions. The number, frequencyand/or energy of additional sparks might also be limited as a functionof inferred and/or measured ignition coil temperature or risk of sparkplug electrode erosion or other factors related to durability ofignition components.

In some embodiments, a combustion chamber, such as combustion chamber 30of FIG. 1, can utilize more than one spark plug. As a nonlimitingexample, FIG. 10A shows a spark plug 1020 a and a spark plug 1030 a,both configured to provide a spark to combustion chamber 1010 a. Whilethis arrangement and other plural spark plug arrangements disclosedherein can be used with cylinder 30 of FIG. 1, it should be understoodthat such arrangements can also be used with different engineconfigurations. Furthermore, it should be understood that the variouscontrol operations described herein may be applied to some, all, or noneof the spark plugs to reduce preignition, spark plug fouling, misfire,and/or engine knock.

FIG. 10A schematically shows an example combustion chamber 1010 aconfigured with two spark plugs 1020 a and 1030 a located at the top ofthe combustion chamber. As shown in FIG. 10A, spark plug 1020 a andspark plug 1030 a may be arranged symmetrically about a centerline ofthe combustion chamber (denoted by the vertical broken line). Forexample, spark plugs 1020 a and 1030 a may be the same distance from acenterline of the combustion chamber. Thus, both spark plugs may bearranged to provide substantially equal heating of each of the sparkplugs by combustion of a fuel and/or a fluid within the combustionchamber, under some conditions. However, the two spark plugs may havedifferent levels of cooling from engine coolant (due to the amount orvelocity of coolant flowing near each spark plug, or distance of eachspark plug from the nearest coolant passage, etc.).

FIG. 10B schematically shows an example combustion chamber 1010 bconfigured with two spark plugs 1020 b and 1030 b located at the top ofthe combustion chamber. As shown in FIG. 10B, spark plug 1020 b and 1030b may be arranged asymmetrically about the centerline of the combustionchamber. For example, spark plug 1020 b may be closer to the centerlineof the combustion chamber and spark plug 1030 b may be further from thecenterline, thereby potentially providing unequal heating of each of thespark plugs by combustion of a fuel and/or fluid within the combustionchamber, under some conditions. In addition, the two spark plugs mayhave different levels of cooling from engine coolant.

FIG. 10C schematically shows an example combustion chamber 1010 cconfigured with two spark plugs 1020 c and 1030 c. Spark plug 1020 c isshown located at the top of the combustion chamber, while spark plug1030 c is shown located along a side wall of the combustion chamber.Thus, the spark plugs may be arranged on different surfaces or walls ofthe combustion chamber, thereby potentially providing unequal heating ofeach of the spark plugs by combustion, under some conditions. Inaddition, the two spark plugs may have different levels of cooling fromengine coolant.

FIG. 10D schematically shows an example combustion chamber 1010 dconfigured with two spark plugs 1020 d and 1030 d. In this example, bothspark plugs are located along a side wall of the combustion chamber. Insome embodiments, both spark plugs may be arranged symmetrically aboutthe centerline of the combustion chamber, and/or may be arranged equaldistant from a center line of the combustion chamber. As shown in FIG.10D, the spark plugs are asymmetrically arranged about the centerline,at a different height of the combustion chamber wall, thereby providingpotentially unequal heating of the spark plugs. In addition, the twospark plugs may have different levels of cooling from engine coolant.

As described above with reference to FIGS. 10A-10D, some combustionchambers may include at least two spark plugs. These spark plugs mayhave the same or different heat ranges. For example, in each of theexamples provided above, a first spark plug may have the same heat rangeas a second spark plug located in the same combustion chamber. Thus,each of the spark plugs within the same cylinder may be configured tooperate at the same temperature or may be configured to operate atdifferent temperatures (e.g. different tip temperatures), at aparticular time, by arranging them in different locations (e.g.asymmetrically) with the combustion chamber, and/or by exposing them todifferent levels of cooling from engine coolant.

In some embodiments, a first spark plug may have a different heat rangethan a second spark plug located in the same combustion chamber, therebyenabling the first spark plug to operate at a different temperature thanthe second spark plug. Furthermore, in some embodiments, a first sparkplug having a higher heat range and a second spark plug having a lowerheat range may be located at different locations within the combustionchamber, depending at least partially on the thermal characteristics ofthe combustion chamber and/or engine cooling system. For example, thefirst spark plug with the higher heat range may be located in a lowertemperature location of the combustion chamber and the second spark plugwith the lower heat range may be located in a higher temperaturelocation of the combustion chamber. In another example, the first sparkplug with the higher heat range may be located in a higher temperaturelocation of the combustion chamber and the second spark plug with thelower heat range may be located in a lower temperature location of thecombustion chamber. In this manner, at least a first spark plug and asecond spark plug located within the same combustion chamber may beconfigured to operate at different spark plug tip temperatures byarranging the spark plugs in particular locations and/or by selectingdifferent heat ranges for each of the spark plugs.

FIG. 11 shows a graph of temperature operating regions for a first and asecond spark plug having different locations within the same combustionchamber and/or having different heat ranges. The center vertical axis ofFIG. 11 represents temperature of a single point within the combustionchamber, which may be compared to the operating regions of each of thespark plugs. On either side of the temperature axis are severaloperating regions as described above with reference to FIG. 3B. The leftside of the temperature axis contains several operating regions for afirst example spark plug and the right side of the temperature axiscontains several operating regions for a second example spark plug. Thefirst spark plug (denoted as the cold plug) is configured to operate ata lower temperature and the second spark plug (denoted as the hot plug)is configured to operate at a higher temperature than the first sparkplug.

In some embodiments, the control system may be configured to selectivelyoperate (i.e. perform at least one spark with) at least one of the twospark plugs to achieve combustion of a fuel and/or a fluid within thecombustion chamber. For example, during a first operating condition1110, the control system may be configured to operate the first sparkplug, since the tip temperature of the first spark plug is below thefouling range. As described above, the operating range of the sparkplugs may be assessed or determined by detecting ionization at the sparkplugs or by detecting the temperature of the spark plug, enginetemperature, exhaust temperature, etc. As the operating conditions ofthe engine change to a second condition 1120, the second spark plug maybe used as the tip temperature of the first spark plug may be within thefouling range wherein the deposited carbon is more conductive. At athird condition 1130, the tip temperature of the second spark plug isstill below the fouling range while the tip temperature of the firstspark plug is within the fouling range, hence the second spark plug maybe operated to avoid misfire caused by spark plug fouling.

During some conditions, such as between conditions 1130 and 1140, thefouling ranges of the first and second spark plugs may partiallyoverlap. Therefore, to reduce spark plug fouling, the control system maybe configured to rapidly transition between conditions 1130 and 1140 byvarying spark timing, adjusting the absolute amount and/or ratio of fueland/or fluid delivered to the combustion chamber, adjusting spark plugheating of one or both of the spark plugs, adjusting the number ofsparks performed by each spark plug (i.e. use more sparking to increasespark temperature), increasing idle speed, etc.

For example, before and/or during a transition from condition 1130 to1140, the amount of heat supplied to the second spark plug may beincreased so that the overlap of the fouling ranges of the first andsecond spark plugs are reduced. An increase in heating supplied to thesecond spark plug may cause the operating range of the second spark plugin FIG. 11 to move upward relative to the operating range of the firstspark plug, closing the distance between conditions 1130 and 1140. Uponreaching condition 1140, the control system may transition to the firstspark plug, while discontinuing the sparking operation of the secondspark plug. Once the first spark plug begins initiating combustionwithin the combustion chamber, the heat supplied to the second sparkplug by the spark plug heating system may be reduced, if desired.

In another example, before and/or during a transition from condition1130 to 1140, the number of sparks performed by the second spark plugmay be increased for each cycle, which may also be used to increase thetemperature of the second spark plug, thereby reducing the fouling rangeoverlap between the first and the second spark plugs. In this manner,independent temperature control of the spark plugs may be achieved.

In some examples, some overlap in the fouling ranges of the first andsecond spark plugs may not be avoided, even when some or all of thecontrol strategies are applied. During this condition, the first and thesecond spark plugs may be operated to perform a spark simultaneously orone after the other to ensure ignition of the fuel and/or fluid withinthe combustion chamber. For example, during a transition from condition1130 to 1140, the second spark plug may be controlled to perform a firstspark and the first spark plug may be controlled to perform a back-upspark either at the same time, before, or after the first spark. Once acondition is attained where at least one of the spark plugs is outsideof the fouling range, the spark plug outside of the fouling range may beoperated and the other spark plug discontinued. For example, uponreaching condition 1140, operation of the first spark plug may becontinued and operation of the second spark plug may be discontinued.

Conversely, when transitioning from condition 1140 where the first sparkplug is performing a spark to condition 1130 where the second spark plugis performing a spark, the control system may use one or more strategiesto reduce spark plug fouling. For example, the control system maypre-heat the second spark plug by increasing the heat supplied to thesecond spark plug by the spark plug heating system and/or by usingmultiple sparks after an ignition spark is performed by the first sparkplug. In some conditions, the second spark plug may be fouled, whereinone or more sparks may not be possible. Thus, the ignition spark may beprovided by the first spark plug at condition 1140 and the second sparkplug may be heated to a temperature above the fouling range where thedeposited carbon is burned off. Once the second spark plug is capable ofperforming a spark, the first spark plug and the second spark plug maybe controlled so that each spark plug performs a spark whentransitioning to condition 1130 through a fouling range of one or moreof the spark plugs. The use of concurrent sparking by both spark plugsmay be used in some conditions to reduce misfire or to reduce spark plugfouling.

Turning now to condition 1150, the first spark plug may be operated toperform a spark while the sparking operation of the second spark plugmay be discontinued. Transitions from condition 1150 to condition 1160may be performed by phasing out operation of the first spark plug overone or more engine cycles as the second spark plug is used. However,during some conditions, such as condition 1160, even when only thesecond spark plug is operated to perform a spark and the first sparkplug is discontinued, preignition may occur if the tip temperature ofthe first spark plug is within the preignition temperature range.Therefore, during some conditions, such as at condition 1150, the firstspark plug may be discontinued for one or more cycles prior to atemperature increase, for example, into a preignition region, while thesecond spark plug is performing an ignition spark. In this manner, thefirst spark plug may be allowed to cool over one or more cycles tofurther reduce the occurrence of preignition during subsequent cycles.

It should be understood that some or all of the control strategiesdescribed above may be applied to only one, some, or all of the sparkplugs. In some embodiments, only one of the spark plugs may beconfigured with a spark plug heating system or only one of the sparkplugs may be configured to perform multiple sparks during a cycle.Furthermore, it should be appreciated that some or all of the spark plugconfigurations described above may be used to achieve different tiptemperatures between the first spark plug and the second spark plug. Forexample, both spark plugs may have the same heat range, but may bearranged differently within the combustion chamber and may be exposed tothe same or different levels of cooling from engine coolant. In anotherexample, both spark plugs may be arranged symmetrically within thecombustion chamber, but may have different heat ranges and may beexposed to the same or different levels of cooling from engine coolant.In yet another example, both spark plugs may be arranged differentlywithin the combustion chamber and both spark plugs may have a differentheat range from the other chamber and may be exposed to the same ordifferent levels of cooling from engine coolant. In some embodiments,more than two spark plugs per combustion chamber may be used.

FIGS. 12-13 show example routines for controlling an engine having acombustion chamber configured with at least two spark plugs. The routineof FIG. 12 may begin with the control system assessing the operatingconditions of the engine and/or vehicle at 1210. In some embodiments,the control system will examine past, present, and predicted futureoperating conditions. In some embodiments, ion sensing may be performedby one, some or all of the spark plugs. At 1212, the control system mayselect a fuel and/or a fluid delivery based on the operating conditions.For example, if knock is detected, a knock suppressing fluid such asethanol, methanol, and/or water may be selected for delivery to thecombustion chamber. The operation of 1212 may include selecting anabsolute amount of fuel and/or fluid, a ratio of the fuel and/or thefluid, and timing of injection of the fuel and/or fluid. At 1214, thecontrol system may compare the selected fuel and/or fluid delivery tothe heat range and/or temperature conditions of the spark plugs. Forexample, ion sensing, temperature sensing, and/or temperature predictionmay be used to determine whether fouling or preignition may occur forthe selected fuel and/or fluid(s). At 1216, one or more spark plugs maybe selected based on the selected fuel and/or fluid delivery and/or theoperating conditions. At 1218, the control system may delivery the fueland/or fluid, for example, by a direct and/or port injection. At 1220,the control system may operate the selected spark plug(s) to initiatedcombustion of the fuel and/or fluid.

In some conditions, a first spark may be performed by a first sparkplug. The ionization at the spark plug may be detected enabling adetermination of whether combustion has occurred. If combustion has notoccurred such as may be the case if the spark plug is fouled, thecontrol system may be configured to perform one or more additionalsparks with the first spark plug and/or perform one or more additionalsparks with the second spark plug to initiate combustion. In someexamples, one or more of the spark plugs may perform multiple sparks toachieve a temperature increase of the spark plug(s). Finally, theroutine returns to 1210 for the subsequent cycle.

In this manner, during some conditions only the first spark plug may beused, during some conditions only the second spark plug may be used, andduring other conditions both the first and the second spark plug may beused. It should be appreciated that the life cycle of a spark plugconfigured in a combustion chamber with at least one other spark plugmay be extended, under some conditions, since the sparking operation maybe shared between spark plugs.

FIG. 13 shows a routine for selecting at least one spark plug from aplurality of spark plugs of the combustion chamber. At 1310, the controlsystem assesses the operating conditions of the engine and/or vehicle.At 1312, it is judged whether at least one spark plug is within asatisfactory operating condition. For example, it may judged at 1312whether the tip temperature of at least one of the spark plugs isoutside of the fouling or preignition range. In another example, it maybe assessed via ion sensing whether preignition or fouling occurredduring the previous cycle due to one or more of the spark plugs. If theanswer at 1312 is yes, the control system may select at least one of thespark plugs with the satisfactory operation condition. At 1316, theselected spark plug(s) may be operated to perform an ignition sparkand/or additional sparks.

Alternatively, if the answer at 1312 is no, the routine may proceed to1318. At 1318, the control system may judge whether to adjust one ormore conditions of the combustion chamber and/or spark plugs. If theanswer is no, the routine may proceed to 1322. If the answer is yes, thecontrol system may adjust one or more operating conditions to achievethe desired spark plug condition. For example, one or more of thecontrol strategies described above with reference to FIGS. 6-9 may beused to increase or decrease the temperature of one or more spark plugs.At 1322, it may judged whether to adjust at least one of the fuel and/orfluid to be delivered to the combustion chamber. If the answer is no,the routine returns to 1310. Alternatively, if the answer at 1322 isyes, the control system may adjust the fuel and/or fluid delivery toachieve acceptable spark plug conditions. For example, if preignition isdetected, then the amount of ethanol delivered to the combustion chambermay be decreased for one or more subsequent cycles. Finally, the routinereturns to 1310 for the subsequent cycle. In this manner, the conditionof the spark plugs (e.g. tip temperature) may be adjusted to avoidand/or reduce preignition, spark plug fouling, misfire, and engineknock.

An engine such as engine 10 of FIG. 1 may include a variety ofconfigurations. For example, FIG. 14 shows several nonlimiting examplesof an engine that may include one or more combustion chambers configuredwith two spark plugs. It should be understood that engines 1410 a, 1410b, 1410 c, and 1410 d may be configured to perform one or more of thecontrol strategies described above for reducing knock, preignition,misfire, and fouling and may include the use of one or more fuels and/orfluids. For example, FIG. 14A shows an example inline four cylinderengine 1410 a, wherein each combustion chamber 1420 a includes sparkplugs 1440 a and 1450 a. In some embodiments, each of the fourcombustion chambers of engine 1410 a may be similarly configured (e.g.having a similar spark plug arrangement and/or spark plugs with similarheat ranges). In some embodiments, one or more of the four combustionchambers of engine 1410 a may have a pair of spark plugs havingdifferent heat ranges and/or combustion chamber arrangements. Forexample, a first combustion chamber may utilize a first spark plugarrangement as shown in FIGS. 10A, 10B, 10C, or 10D, while a secondcombustion chamber may have a different spark plug arrangement, eventhough all of the combustion chambers shown each have two spark plugs.In another example, each combustion chamber may have similar spark plugarrangements, wherein at least one of the spark plugs of a firstcombustion chamber has a different heat range than each of the sparkplugs in a second combustion chamber. In this manner, spark plugconfiguration and/or heat range may be varied with the position of thecombustion chamber within the engine.

FIG. 14B shows engine 1410 b also having an inline four cylinderconfiguration. Combustion chamber 1420 b is shown having two spark plugs1440 b and 1450 b, while combustion chamber 1430 b is shown having onlyone spark plug 1460 b. Furthermore, a center line 1490 b is shownbisecting engine 1410 b between the center two combustion chambers. Asshown in FIG. 14B, at a least first combustion chamber having two sparkplugs and a second combustion chamber having only one spark plug may bearranged differently, for example, at different distances fromcenterline 1490 b. In some examples, temperature variations within theengine, such as between combustion chambers may be considered whenarranging the spark plugs within the engine. For example, combustionchamber 1420 b having two spark plugs may be arranged closer to thecenter of the engine, while combustion chamber 1430 b having only onespark plug may be arranged further from the center of the engine.

In some embodiments, only some cylinders of the engine may be configuredto receive multiple fuels and/or fluids. For example, combustion chamber1420 b having two spark plugs may be configured to receive gasoline andethanol in different ratios, whereas combustion chamber 1430 b may beconfigured to receive only gasoline.

FIG. 14C is similar to FIG. 14B, except combustion chamber 1420 c isshown having two spark plugs located further from centerline 1490 c thancombustion chamber 1430 c having only one spark plug. While FIGS. 14A,14B and 14C show engines that are symmetric about a centerline, othercylinder configurations are possible.

In another example, FIG. 14D shows an engine 1410 d having a first bankof cylinders 1412 d and a second bank of cylinders 1414 d is shownincluding a plurality of combustion chambers 1430 d, each having onlyone spark plug. Bank 1414 d is shown including a plurality of combustionchambers 1420 d, each having two spark plugs. A centerline 1490 d isshown bisecting the engine between bank 1412 d and 1414 d. Suchasymmetry of engine 1410 d may be used to address varied operation ofthe engine between cylinder banks.

For example, in some embodiments, a group of cylinders may be configuredto receive multiple fuels and/or fluids, while a second group ofcylinders may be configured to receive only one type of fuel or fluid.For example, cylinder bank 1414 d may be configured to receive gasolineand ethanol, while bank 1412 d may be configured to receive onlygasoline. In some embodiments, one bank of engine 1410 d may beconfigured deactivate one or more cylinders during some conditions,while operation of the other cylinder bank continues or two cylindersfrom each bank may be deactivated, and spark plugs and injectors forfuel and/or other substances arranged accordingly. In this manner, anengine may have various spark plug and cylinder configurations dependingon the desired engine operation.

It will be appreciated that the configurations, systems, and routinesdisclosed herein are exemplary in nature, and that these specificembodiments are not to be considered in a limiting sense, becausenumerous variations are possible. For example, the above approaches canbe applied to V-6, I-3, I-4, I-5, I-6, V-8, V-10, V-12, opposed 4, andother engine types.

As another example, engine 10 may be a variable displacement engine inwhich some cylinders are deactivated by deactivating intake and exhaustvalves for those cylinders and/or discontinuing fuel injection to thosecylinders. In this way, improved fuel economy may be achieved. Multipletypes of fuel delivery (e.g., fuel and/or fluid composition, deliverylocation, and/or delivery timing) can be used to reduce a tendency ofknock at higher loads. Thus, by operating with direct injection of afluid including alcohol (such as ethanol or an ethanol blend) to someactive cylinders during a cylinder deactivation operation, it may bepossible to extend a range of cylinder deactivation, thereby furtherimproving fuel economy.

The specific routines described herein by the flowcharts and thespecification may represent one or more of any number of processingstrategies such as event-driven, interrupt-driven, multi-tasking,multi-threading, and the like. As such, various steps or functionsillustrated may be performed in the sequence illustrated, in parallel,or in some cases omitted. Likewise, the order of processing is notnecessarily required to achieve the features and advantages of theexample embodiments of the invention described herein, but is providedfor ease of illustration and description. Although not explicitlyillustrated, one or more of the illustrated steps or functions may berepeatedly performed depending on the particular strategy being used.Further, these figures may graphically represent code to be programmedinto the computer readable storage medium of the vehicle control system.Further still, while the various routines may show a “start”, “return”or “end” block, the routines may be repeatedly performed in an iterativemanner, for example.

The subject matter of the present disclosure includes all novel andnonobvious combinations and subcombinations of the various systems andconfigurations, and other features, functions, and/or propertiesdisclosed herein.

The following claims particularly point out certain combinations andsubcombinations regarded as novel and nonobvious. These claims may referto “an” element or “a first” element or the equivalent thereof. Suchclaims should be understood to include incorporation of one or more suchelements, neither requiring nor excluding two or more such elements.Other combinations and subcombinations of the disclosed features,functions, elements, and/or properties may be claimed through amendmentof the present claims or through presentation of new claims in this or arelated application. Such claims, whether broader, narrower, equal, ordifferent in scope to the original claims, also are regarded as includedwithin the subject matter of the present disclosure.

1. A system for an engine of a vehicle, comprising: a combustion chamberlocated in the engine; a delivery system configured to deliver a fueland a fluid to at least the combustion chamber in varying ratios,wherein the fluid includes at least an alcohol; wherein the deliverysystem includes at least a direct injector configured to inject at leastthe fluid directly into the combustion chamber; and a control systemconfigured to advance the timing of the fluid delivered to thecombustion chamber by the direct injector to reduce the likelihood ofknock; and retard the timing of the fluid delivered to the combustionchamber by the direct injector to reduce the likelihood of preignition.2. The system of claim 1, wherein the control system is furtherconfigured to vary the timing of the fluid delivered to the combustionchamber responsive to at least one of an amount of the fluid and anamount of the fuel delivered to the combustion chamber.
 3. The system ofclaim 1, wherein the control system is further configured to vary anamount of the fluid delivered to the combustion chamber responsive tothe timing of the fluid delivery.
 4. The system of claim 1, wherein thecontrol system is further configured to vary the timing of the fluiddelivered to the combustion chamber responsive to at least one of enginespeed and engine output.
 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the alcoholincludes at least one of ethanol and methanol.
 6. A method forcontrolling engine operation, comprising: delivering an amount of ahydrocarbon fuel and an amount of an alcohol to a cylinder of theengine, where at least said amount of alcohol is delivered at a timingrelative to a position of the piston; and varying said timing as saidamount of alcohol varies, said varying including advancing the timing ofthe delivery of said amount of alcohol as said amount decreases, andretarding the timing of the delivery of said amount of alcohol as saidamount increases.
 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising varying aratio of said amount of hydrocarbon fuel and said amount of alcoholdelivered to the cylinder responsive to an indication of knock.
 8. Themethod of claim 6, further comprising varying a ratio of said amount ofhydrocarbon fuel and said amount of alcohol delivered to the cylinderresponsive to an indication of preignition.
 9. The method of claim 6,further comprising varying a ratio of said amount of hydrocarbon fueland said amount of alcohol delivered to the cylinder responsive toengine load.
 10. The method of claim 6, further comprising varying aratio of said amount of hydrocarbon fuel and said amount of alcoholdelivered to the cylinder responsive to engine speed.
 11. The method ofclaim 6, wherein at least the alcohol is delivered directly to thecylinder via a direct injector.
 12. The method of claim 6, wherein theposition of the piston is top dead center.
 13. A method for controllingengine operation, comprising: delivering an amount of a hydrocarbon fueland an amount of an alcohol to a cylinder of the engine, where at leastsaid first amount of alcohol is delivered at a timing relative to pistonposition; and varying said amount of alcohol as said timing varies, saidvarying including reducing said amount of alcohol as said timing isadvanced and increasing said amount of alcohol as said timing isretarded.
 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising varying saidtiming responsive to an indication of one of knock and preignition. 15.The method of claim 13, further comprising varying said timingresponsive to at least one of engine speed and engine output.
 16. Themethod of claim 13, wherein at least the alcohol is delivered directlyto the cylinder via a direct injector.
 17. A system for an engine of avehicle, comprising: a combustion chamber having a piston disposedtherein; a delivery system configured to deliver a fuel and a fluid toat least the combustion chamber in varying ratios, wherein the fluidincludes at least an alcohol; wherein the delivery system includes atleast a direct injector configured to inject at least the fluid directlyto the combustion chamber; a detection system configured to detect atleast one of knock and preignition within the combustion chamber; and acontrol system configured to control the delivery system so that duringa first condition of the detection system, performing a first number ofinjections of the fluid into the combustion chamber per cycle; andduring a second condition of the detection system, performing a secondnumber of injections of the fluid into the combustion chamber per cycle.18. The system of claim 17, wherein the first condition is an indicationof knock and a second condition is an indication of preignition.
 19. Thesystem of claim 17, wherein the control system is further configured tovary an amount of the fluid delivered to the combustion chamber during acycle responsive to the number of injections of the fluid during thecycle.
 20. The system of claim 17, wherein the control system is furtherconfigured to vary the number of injections of the fluid during a cycleresponsive to an amount of the fluid delivered to the combustion chamberduring the cycle.